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Working Scientifically with Robotics and Science Essentials

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Working Scientifically with Robotics

 

“Working scientifically” is the essence of science.” (p. 32, Queensland Yrs 1-10 Science Syllabus)

This table developed with reflection and guidance from page 33 of the Queensland Years 1-10 Science Syllabus.

 

How can we guide students to work scientifically when using Robotics? Robotics: a ‘tool’ for learning.

 

Aspects of ‘working scientifically’ and their components are:

 

Investigating

Understanding

Communicating

Accessing resources:

Clarifying and challenging:

Collecting information: Students collect information about robots in the workforce and in society on the internet, at the library, on excursions and from professional guest speakers either visiting the classroom or via virtual communication.

Designing and performing experiments: How can we experiment with gears on our Lego Robots to travel up a steep incline? How can we design our experiment?

Engaging with problems: Robot scenarios that use a problem solving focus- e.g. How can we use our Lego robot to pick up or remove rubbish from an area?

Exploring phenomena:

Forecasting and backcasting:

Formulating questions: Developing questions about robots and robotics that students want/need to find out.

Handling materials: Safety issues for the construction of robots made from recycled parts- video recorders, DVDs and radios/TV’s.

Hypothesising:

Identifying: Selecting suitable parts for the robot that do particular things and identifying them using own words.

Identifying and controlling variables: Push cups out of circle with Lego Robot. Hide something heavy under one of the cups. What other variables could we test?

Looking for patterns and meanings:

Making and judging observations: Students document their observations during their investigation of robots. Peer evaluation of investigations.

Making plans: Planning what type of robot to work with. Planning the steps that will be needed to construct the robot. (Ideation- technology link)

Measuring: Measuring the distance a Lego Robot travels at different speeds using seconds and/or wheel rotations.

Playing: Exploring the parts of the Lego Robotics kit. Playing with Robot toys.

Predicting: There is a lot of prediction when students program their Lego robot using a trial and error process.

Seeking reasons: Why doesn’t my robot do what I programmed it to do? The reason why my robot didn’t turn wide enough is because I needed to add a few more seconds to the forward-turn left motion.

Analysing:

Applying ideas and concepts: Programming has a lot of ‘trial and error’ learning. Students think of their own robot inquiry.

Assessing and reassessing: Students assess own and other’s thinking through ‘think out loud’ during a Lego robot construction learning experience.

Constructing meaning:

Creating analogies:

Dealing in an orderly manner with the parts of a complex whole: What are the parts that make up a robotic system?

Developing possible, probable and preferred options: What are the possible implications of having a working robot in the home? What are the probable implications of having a working robot in the home? What are the preferred options of having a working robot in the home?

Drawing conclusions: Students draw conclusions to their own questions about the programming: “When I program only one wheel to go forward, the Robot turns in a circle like it is pivoting.”

Examining and evaluating:

Formulating and elaborating ideas:

Generalising:

Inferring from data:

Interpreting data: Students interpret the data collected from the programming of the Lego robot.

Judging credibility:

Looking for alternatives: Students have been given a challenge to create a cleaning robot. What different types of cleaning products could be used as a basis for the invention of a cleaning robot?

Making and judging deductions:

Making and judging inductions:

Making comparisons: Make a comparison chart to find out the similarities and differences between robots and humans.

Making links: Robots have been invented using the structures from animals and human parts.

Preparing scenarios: Students participate in Robot scenarios- a mining robot is needed that can push rocks out of the tunnel. You have been employed to be a part of a team to invent and construct a prototype.

Recognising and analysing options:

Reflecting and considering:

Selecting and justifying:

Suggesting:

Synthesising: Students create their own robot that is built for a specific purpose using information, knowledge and understandings collected throughout the unit.

Using ideas, theories and principles:

Arguing a position:

Clarifying ideas and concepts:

Constructing and using models: Lego Mindstorm construction of a basic Robot to use in future investigations.

Creating diagrams: Draw a diagram of an electromechanical system. Create diagrams of different systems and compare to a robotic system.

Creating presentations: Demonstrate to peers the steps involved in creating your program. Create a digital diary of the construction of your robot.

Creating tables and graphs: Create a table to show the different parts of a basic Lego robot and write a description next to each part and include its use.

Describing: Students describe to the class how their robot will move using the program as a guide on an over-head projector.

Discussing thinking: Students discuss thinking when they identify their learning verbally: thinking in seconds when programming a robot.

Envisioning alternative futures: Students create an audio diary of life in the future living with robots in the home and in society.

Explaining ideas and decisions: Students explain why they built a certain type of cleaning robot.

Exploring and elaborating ideas: Students synthesise their learning by exploring their own ideas and creating a robot independently. Students working with robotics can ‘show and tell’ their ideas and their journey.

Expressing points of view: Students share their opinion about the ethics of robots in the workforce. A constructive argument.

Illustrating: Students use illustrations in their robotic investigations to further demonstrate their knowledge and understanding.

Improvising and performing:

Listening and questioning: Students learn from each other using Lego robots. They question each other. They question themselves.

Negotiating: Students negotiate construction roles. Students negotiate the best strategies for planning and building a Lego robot.

Relating: Students relate robotic systems to other systems in their world. Students relate feelings and ideas to problems in the real world using Lego robots.

Responding and debating:

Retelling and restating: Students retell their findings to an audience who is familiar with the building and programming of Lego robots.

Summarising and reporting: Students report their robot inventing progress in a digital diary.

Supporting decisions:

Using scientific report genres:

Using scientific terminology: Students develop new language when participating in a robot investigation.

 

 

I have not filled in every area at this time.

 

Robotics with Science Essential Learnings (by the end of year 7)

This table was developed by Shontelle Lewis, 2008 in reflection of the Queensland Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Framework (The State of Queensland (Queensland Studies Authority), 2007.

 

Essential Learnings:

In relation to Robotics:

Using Lego Robotics:

Learning and assessment focus

When using Lego Robotics as a ‘tool’ for learning students demonstrate their knowledge and understanding through investigation, communication and reflecting their experiences.

Students use technological resources, participate in Robotics challenges and invent their own challenges, and communicate their ideas and new found information in purposeful ways. “They make use of the potential that ICTs provide to inquire, create and communicate within scientific contexts” (The State of Queensland, 2007, p. 1) and this is why Lego Robotics is a useful resource to use for Science investigation and inquiry.

Ways of working

Robotics is a useful tool that promotes ways of working scientifically and you don’t have to use just Lego Robotics.

Using Lego Mindstorm robotics students are able to:

  • Identify problems and issues related to robots in society. Students are able to formulate testable scientific questions about content such as: light/electricity, movement/forces, speed and distance, prediction (e.g. how many seconds will it take for the robot to reach and ‘kiss’ the Lego man?).
  • Plan investigations, fair comparison and variables to be challenged and measured for example:

- Investigation- Car speed. Aim- to make measurements of distance for changing times travelled by a basic Lego robot that is on wheels. Students measure in seconds and by rule. Students test other variables- wheel type, gearing, road surface.

- Comparison chart questions- What are the differences between robots and humans?

  • Collect and analyse first- and second- hand data, information and data- Students can do this using robotics programming. Information and data can be collected and recorded in scientific ways.
  • Evaluate information and evidence/ errors in data- Students learn through ‘trial and error’ in robotics learning experiences. Students evaluate their robot inventions through use of the Technology Practice. Students evaluate information about robots in society.
  • Select and use scientific tools and technologies suited to the investigation. E.g. Follow a procedure using a Lego Robotics kit and programming. Classify robots into characteristics groups and discuss why each robot was designed to have such characteristics- dichotomous charts.
  • Draw conclusions- using robotics evidence (data & scientific concepts) to reflect on the learning.
  • Communicate scientific ideas, data and evidence using Lego Robotics as a ‘tool’ for communication and demonstration.
  • Identify, apply and justify safe practices- safety issues of having robots in the workforce. Creating a safe robot. Robot rules.
  • Reflect on different points of view, values of the impacts of robotic science on the economy and on the environment.
  • Reflect on learning, apply new understandings and identify future applications- reflection on learning exists all throughout the robotics learning experience. Students apply new understandings and synthesise their new understandings using Lego robotics by extending what they know through experimental inquiry using robotics.

Knowledge and Understanding:

In relation to robotics:

Using Lego Robotics:

Science as a human endeavour.

Robotics has certain impacts on people, their environment and their communities.

 

Scientific knowledge of robotics can be used to change the way people live:

  • Changes to technology (mobile phones and computers).
  • Medical procedures.
  • Robots invented to do jobs that people would otherwise be unable to do.

- When working with robotics, students explore and discover that there are ethical decisions to think about such as:

·        The environment.

·        Safety.

·        Work ethics.

- Robotics promotes sustainable environments issues:

·        Recycling robots.

- Different cultures (including those of Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islander people) have contributed to science and scientific practice with the inventions of technologies that have led to the inventions of robots (David Unaipon- famous Aboriginal inventor who invented sheep sheers and was fascinated with the aerodynamics of the boomerang that sparked ideas for the modern helicopter. David Unaipon is featured on the Australian $50 note.).

Earth and Beyond.

 

A robot could be invented to collect data for changes in physical systems.

The Lego Robotics kits can be used to collect changes in physical systems:

·        Light and temperature readings.

·        Tracking the temperature and light levels for plants in different experimental conditions.

·        Calculate how long it takes for a ball to drop from a height of 4ft (gravity).

Energy and Change.

 

Using Robotics students can easily identify forces and energy.

Lego Robotics can be used to demonstrate identifiable forces and energy:

  • The motion of an object changes as the result of the application of opposing or supporting forces: Steering the robotic vehicle. Students use their knowledge of how steering works on their robot to program the robot to do tasks.
  • Robots in society and the workforce use renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
  • Robotic energy can be transferred and transformed: recharging the Lego Robotics batteries and how that works.

Life and Living.

 

Living things have structures that enable them to survive and reproduce. How can we relate this to robotics?

Using a humanoid robot, students can compare with human characteristics. Systems of scientific classification can be applied to groups of organisms but can they be applied to robots in a comparative way?

Natural and processed materials.

What materials are best for building robots for specific purposes?

Students investigate different materials that robots are made of. Why wouldn’t inventors use tin to build a deep sea diving robot? Why wouldn’t inventors build a fire-fighting robot out of wood or plastic? Students investigate a question about materials used in robot construction through experimentation and reflection on the chemical changes that produce new substances.

 

 

 

Robotics Club, Founder: Shontelle Lewis, Bundaberg 4670. Queensland. Australia.